PSYCHIATRIC NURSING CONCEPTUAL MODELS

CONCEPTUAL MODELS AND ROLE OF A PSYCHIATRIC NURSE 

Introduction

a model is a means of organizing a complex body of knowledge. For eg, the linkage between the various concept related to human behavior  may be represented in the term of a model, which can now be referred to as a conceptual model many theories attempt to explain human behaviors’, health and mental illness. The treatment of the mentally ill depends mainly on the philosophy related to mental health and mental illness.

behavioral model

                Prominent theorists of behavioral theory include (Van Pavlov, BF skinner the basic assumptions of behavioral models are;

Ø  All behaviour is learnt (adaptive and maladaptive)

Ø  All behaviour occurs in response to a stimulus.

Ø  Human beings are passive organisms that can be conditioned or shaped to do anything if correct responses are recorded or rain forced.

Ø  Maladaptive behaviour can be learnt and replaced by adaptive behaviours if the person receives exposure to specific stimuli and reinforcement for the desired adaptive behaviour.

Ø  Deviations from behavioral norms occur who undesirable behaviour has been reinforced. This behavioursis modified through applications of learning theory.

THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES

Ø  Systematic desensitization.

Ø  Taken reinforcement.

Ø  Shaping.

Ø  Chaining.

Ø  Prompting.

Ø  Flooding.

Ø  Aversion therapy.

Ø  Assertiveness & social skills training.

roles of the patient & the behavioural therapist

                The approach is that of a learner and a teacher.

Therapist

Ø  The therapist is an expert in behaviour therapy who helps the patient unlearn his symptoms and replace them with more satisfying behaviour.

Ø  The therapist uses patient’s anxiety as a motivational force towards learning.

Ø  The therapist reinforces desired behaviour.

Patient

Ø  as a learner the patient is an active participant in the therapy process.

Ø  Patient practices behaviour techniques.

APPLICATION TO NURSING 

                Nurses commonly use behavioural techniques in a wide variety of mental health setting. Additionally nurses who work with patients having physical disability, chronic pain, chemical dependency and rehabilitation centers also apply these techniques.

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INTERPERSONAL MODEL

                Harry s Sullivan is the originator of interpersonal relation theory.

Basic assumptions of interpersonal models are.

Ø  Human beings are essentially social beings.

Ø  Human personality is determined in the context of social interactions with other human beings.

Ø  Anxiety plays a central role in the formation of human personality by serving as a primary motivator of human behaviour.

Ø  Self esteem is an important force of human personality that forms in reaction to the experience of anxiety.

Ø  Security mechanisms are used to reduce or avoid the experience of anxiety.

Ø  Early life experience with parents, especially the mother, influence an individual’s development throughout life.

INTERPERSONAL THERAPECUTIC PROCESS

                The interpersonal therapist like the psychoanalyst, explores the patient’s life history, the process of therapy is essentially a process of re-education as the therapist helps the patient identify a process of re-education as the therapist helps the patient identify interpersonal problems and then encourages him to try out more successful style of relating.

ROLES OF THE PATIENT & THE INTERPERSONAL THERAPIST.

                Sullivan describes the therapist as a participant, observer, who should not remain detached from the therapeutic situation. The therapist role is to actively encage the patient to establish the trust and to empathize. He trust and to empathize he will create an atmosphere of uncertified acceptance to encourage the patient to speak openly.

                The patient’s role is to share his concerns with the therapist and participate in the relationship to the best of his ability. As the patient matures in his ability to relate, he can them improve and broaden his people outside the therapeutic situation. 

APPLICATION TO NURSING:-

Sullivan’s interpersonal theory has been the cornerstone of psychiatric-mental health nursing curiculam in the under graduate and graduate revels.

                Nurse-patient one to one interactions or interpersonal process is based on Sullivan’s interpersonal process recordings in the clinical aspect of psychiatric mental health nursing courses is also delivered from Sullivan’s interpersonal theory.

CONCLUSION

                These model is a means of organizing a complex body of knowledge. In behavioral model include  some basic assumptions, therapeutic approaches roles of patient & behavioural therapist etc., interpersonal models includes some basic assumptions, interpersonal therapeutic approaches, roles of patient & interpersonal therapist etc., so many theories attempts to explain human behaviour health and illness.

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