LIVER
1.INTRODUCTION :
Liver is the Largest gland in digestive system
of the Body.
2.SITUTATION:
It
is Situated in the upper part of the Abdominal cavity occupying the greater
part of the right hypochondriac region, Part of the Epigastric region and
extending into the left hypochondriac .
3.SURFACES:
Upper and Anterior surfaces are smooth and
curved to fit the under surface of the
diaphragm.
POSTERIOR
SURFACE is irregular in outline.
4.SHAPE:
WEDGE Shape.
5.WEIGHT :
1.5 to 2.5 kg
6.PARTS OF THE LIVER :
Mainly
are of 4 Lobes .
1.RIGHT LOBE 2. LEFT LOBE
3.CAUDATE LOBE 4. QUADRATE LOBE
* RIGHT LOBE:It is
the Largest lobe of liver and forms 5/6
th of the liver .
It presents CAUDATE & QUADRATE lobes.
*CAUDATE LOBE : It is bounded on right
side.
It has 2 process. CAUDATE PROCESS & PAPILLARY PROCESS
It has 2 process. CAUDATE PROCESS & PAPILLARY PROCESS
*QUADRATE
LOBE : It lies on the
interior surface , it is in rectangular shape.
*LEFT LOBE :
Forms 1/6 th of the liver . It is
flattened from above downward.
7. ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
LIVER .
A) SUPERIORLY : Diaphragm & Anterior abdominal wall .
B) INFERIORLY : Stomach, Bile ducts, Duodenum,Hepatic
flexure of the colon, right kidney, adrenal gland.
C) POSTERIORLY : Oesophagus
, IVC, Aorta,Gall bladder, Vertebral column & Diaphragm .
D) LATERALLY: Lower ribs & Diaphragm .
8.STRUCTURE:
9.BLOOD SUPPLY
a.
Arterial supply :
b.
hepatic
artery. 1. Right and left Coeliac artery.
b.Venous Drainage :
Hepatic vein ,Inferior Venecava and Portal
vein .
10.LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:
Draining lymph to Abdominal & Thoracic nodes .
11. NERVE SUPPLY :
A) SYMPATHETIC
NERVE SUPPLY
B) PARA
SYMPATHETIC NERVE SUPPLY.
12.APPLIED ANATOMY
Hepatitis , Liver
failure , Cirrhosis of liver
13.MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF LIVER
14.FUNCTIONS.
1.Carbohydrate
metabolism
2.protein
metabolism :
Deamination
of amino acids.
3.Fat
metabolism :
Desaturation
of fat.
4.Breakdown
of erythrocytes and defence against microbes.
5.Detoxification
of drugs & noxious substances.
6.Metabolism
of ethanol .
7.Inactivation
of harmones
8.Synthesis
of Vitamin
9.Production
of heat.
10.Secretion
of bile.
11.Storage
of Vitamin.
Liver Conditions
Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, usually caused
by viruses like hepatitis A, B, and C. Hepatitis can have non-infectious causes
too, including heavy drinking, drugs, allergic reactions, or obesity
Cirrhosis: Long-term damage to the liver from any
cause can lead to permanent scarring, called cirrhosis. The liver then becomes
unable to function well.
Liver cancer: The most common type of liver cancer,
hepatocellular carcinoma, almost always occurs after cirrhosis is present.
Liver failure: Liver failure has many causes including
infection, genetic diseases, and excessive alcohol.
Ascites: As cirrhosis results, the liver leaks fluid
(ascites) into the belly, which becomes distended and heavy.
Gallstones: If a gallstone becomes stuck in the bile
duct draining the liver, hepatitis and bile duct infection (cholangitis) can
result.
Hemochromatosis: Hemochromatosis allows iron to
deposit in the liver, damaging it. The iron also deposits throughout the body,
causing multiple other health problems.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A rare disease with
unknown causes, primary sclerosing cholangitis causes inflammation and scarring
in the bile ducts in the liver.
Primary biliary cirrhosis: In this rare disorder, an
unclear process slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. Permanent liver
scarring (cirrhosis) eventually develops.
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